The advantages of being bilingual
Lauren Migliore – May 27, 2011
I’m trying to be patient, but J’en ai marre!! — I’m fed up!! At least at times, that’s how I feel. There’s the grammar, the pronunciation and the vocabulary; there’s the masculine and the feminine words, which coincidentally have sometimes different pronunciations for the same exact word; there’s the Familiar versus the Formal. Then, there’s the countless verb conjugations with Past Tense, Future Tense, Subjective Tense, Present Tense; Am I starting to seem a bit tense? And let’s not even get started on the mistakes I’ve made in the slightest pronunciation that took me from saying “I was able to” into declaring that “I have head lice.”
Learning a second language is hardly a simple task for most. I’m no exception, but I’m bent on relinquishing my California accent and embracing French fluency. So determined, in fact, that I spend four days a week in French classes. I read French journals and switch on the French subtitles for my DVDs. I study. I study a lot. As if that weren’t enough, I’ve committed this past year to living in France and have even taken on a French boyfriend with beaucoup de patience!
I’m starving for comprehension and anxiously wishing that a day will arrive when my brain suddenly “clicks” and magically understands everything French (including why the women really never do get fat). I don’t know if that day will ever arrive, which makes me wonder, did I miss my window of opportunity? Is it all in my head? And more so, what is it about a second language that is so different from learning our maternal language?
With advancing technology, scientists are now able to take a closer look into the happenings of our brains and study specific areas of the cortex in detail. Similarly, human language has always intrigued scientists with the way our brain represents the key language areas. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans have become the most popular for studying bilingualism and brain processing. fMRI not only scans three-dimensional portraits of brain anatomy, but it goes beyond the call of duty: Through machines using powerful magnets and complex mathematical analysis that are as foreign in comprehension to me as French, the fMRI detects subtle changes in blood flow to specific parts of the brain. It is able to show which groups of neurons are firing at any given time inside the head and then spits out color-coded images of one’s brain activity resembling the weather Doppler radar maps.
The PET scanner, on the other hand, is a bit more invasive, as it detects radioactive material that is injected or inhaled into a person’s bloodstream to produce an image of the brain. The radioactive oxygen is then transported with the blood to the brain regions that are in need of energy. This happens when we think or perform a mental task such as speaking, listening, problem solving and so on. The scanner records the changes in density of radioactive particles in the brain during these certain tasks and produces a representing image. Both of these scanning devices are quite fantastic because they allow researchers to examine not just structure of the brain, but activity, as well.
Perhaps age of first learning a second language isn’t as importance as once thought.
A research study was completed using a fMRI looking at Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area (the language areas of the brain used for comprehension and speaking) in 12 volunteers who speak more than one language. Broca’s area, in the left frontal lobe of the brain, is involved mainly in the production of spoken and written language, along with language processing and comprehension. Wernicke’s area is found in the temporal lobe and is more so associated with the understanding of language. Half of the 12 subjects in the study had learned a second language in childhood while others, like moi, didn’t start until post-puberty.
For the early bilinguals, their brains showed processing of their maternal language and the second language in large, overlapping regions of the brain language areas, especially in Broca’s area. Those individuals, however, who learned a language later in life were shown to use separate regions of the brain to process.
In the latter, Wernicke’s area became activated, but the fMRI imaging showed non-overlapping and even adjacent regions of Broca’s area working.
This finding suggests that language representation in Wernicke’s area is less affected by the age of initial exposure to a language. It also submits to what scientists once believed to be true, that different languages were represented in different areas of the brain, though it seems to only be true for late bilinguals.
Moreover, the main regions that were found to be used most during language translation for late learners fell outside of the classical language areas. The anterior cingulate and bilateral subcortical structures that are known as our brain’s gear shifter lit up, leading researchers to believe that we adopt and need greater coordination when speaking a non-maternal language. These structures of the brain are what helps us while learning because they are involved in carrying out tasks, error detection and cognitive flexibility found in problem solving and grasping new information. The evidence of changes in neural activity by use of different parts of the brain between two languages is shown to be driven by fluency: The more fluent a speaker is in the second language, the more obvious the overlap in Broca’s area can be seen (the same area that we house our maternal language).
Other studies have shown that when bilinguals are rapidly converting back and forth between their two languages (also known as Bilingual Mode), they show significantly more activity in the right hemisphere than monolingual speakers. This is especially true in the frontal area of the brain, called the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The DFC is important in working memory and executive function, including the regulation of thinking and action. It is theorized that this area of the cortex serves to attenuate interference that results from having to actively enhance and suppress two languages in alternation. Finally, these findings support the notion that switching between languages involves increased general executive processing.
As the case may prove, those lucky enough to learn a second language during childhood use the same areas of their brains and perhaps it’s that speaking the second language is just as natural as their first. For us late bloomers, it’s not so simple. It takes a bit more effort, a moment more to process and a few other areas of the cortex to untangle the knots of translation. The good news is that our brains are capable of molding, of plasticity. For a long time, it was believed that we reached a certain age and came to a halt; that our brain networks became fixed. It has now been proven that through learning and experience, through acting and reacting, our brains continue to change, continue to adjust and actually make a shift in physical anatomy. It means a change in the internal structure of neurons. It means new connections through neurons can be formed. It means an increase in the number of firing synapses between neurons. It means there’s hope.
The Advantages of Being Bilingual
Could this lead science to greater insight on how to prevent or delay dementia? Should the public be enrolling in local language courses? This neuroplasticity has been evidentially observed in the brains of bilinguals and shows functional changes in the brain, as the left inferior parietal cortex (which processes our communication skills) becomes larger in bilingual brains than in monolingual brains. The neurobiology of bilingualism has also found that being fluent in two languages, particularly from early childhood, not only enhances a person’s ability to concentrate but enhances working memory and might also protect against the onset of dementia or other age-related cognitive decline by keeping minds sharp. So don’t give up quite yet. Some theorize that speaking two languages may increase blood and oxygen flow to the brain and keep nerve connections healthy, all which are facts thought to ward off dementia. Just as we exercise for our bodies, it’s beneficial to put our minds to work with cognitive exercise.
Bilingual adults also have denser gray matter, which is the brain tissue packed with information-processing nerve cell and fibers. Their denser gray matter is also more frequent in the brain’s left hemisphere where the language and communication skills are controlled. Stimulating the brain through learning exercises can have a great impact on brain health thanks to the new findings regarding neuroplasticity. The changes that occur in the cortex through stimulation can contribute to an increase in what is referred to as our brain reserve. The more brain reserve, the more resistant the brain is to age-related or disease-related damages.
The Future of Being Bilingual
The research regarding language and brain processing is an ongoing study as scientists try to organize the intricacies of the mind. Knowing more about how the brain processes languages and bilingualism can lead to a better understanding of how the brain organizes speech and communication tasks. It holds promise for treating patients and understanding speech after a brain injury such as stroke or concussion, and targeting the correct areas during brain surgery. The science of bilingualism can pioneer the way into more focused and effective therapies for helping individuals recover their communication skills.
Furthermore, with globalization increasing, more people in need of learning second languages, and more children being raised in bilingual households, the world is finding a greater need for bilingualism. As technology continues to progress and we continue to learn more about the inner workings of the brain, techniques for learning and teaching could be enhanced in the school system.
As for me, ten months down and I’ve found that my brain is adapting much better. Comprehension comes easier, conversation is achievable and I’ve finally found the courage to leave the apartment without my French/English dictionary. Plus, with the advancements and information about language acquisition, maybe a third language could one day be an option! But for now, one thing at a time. C’est la vie.
Original source: The Advantages of Being Bilingual